Polymer Replicated Interdigitated Electrode Array for Bio(Sensing) Applications

ABSTRACT

A sensor is disclosed. In one embodiment, the sensor includes an insulating substrate comprising a first zone, a second zone, and an intermediate zone, where the intermediate zone comprises a portion of the second zone that overlaps the first zone. The sensor further comprises a first electrode in the first zone that comprises a first plurality of fingers of a conductive material, a second electrode in the second zone that comprises a second plurality of fingers of the conductive material that are interdigitated with the first plurality of fingers, a plurality of three-dimensional isolation structures, and a plurality of shadow zones, wherein each shadow zone is adjacent to at least one isolation structure and is substantially free of conductive material. The plurality of isolation structures may comprises hills and/or channels.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/089,528 filed Mar. 11, 2009 which was a national stage application of International Application Serial No. PCT/EP2006/066069 filed Sep. 6, 2009 as well as a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 30/725,003 filed Apr. 7, 2008 and claimed priority to European Patent Application EP05109353.2 filed Oct. 7, 2005.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to the field of biosensors. An exemplary system according to the invention comprises an improved sensor comprising interdigitated electrodes for electronically detecting a binding reaction between molecules or between a pair of chemical substances. The present invention further comprises a new cost-effective fabrication method to produce this improved sensor. The (bio)sensor system may be used in the field of diagnostics in medical and non-medical applications.

BACKGROUND

Techniques and sensors for detecting molecules and specific substances such as peptides, enzymes, antigens, antibodies, oligonucleotides, DNA or RNA fragments in a sample solution are known in the art. In a specific class of sensors, use is made of the principle of measuring the impedance between two electrodes. The absence or presence of oligonucleotides, peptides/proteins, or antigens between the electrodes affects the permittivity and/or the conductivity between the electrodes.

As lithography and e-beam patterning are expensive, a new cost-effective approach was proposed in EP 0 876 601. An insulating substrate is patterned with a plurality of interspaced channels with submicron dimensions. Hills are located on this insulating substrate near the channels such that shadow zones are obtained upon non-orthogonal directional deposition of a conductive material thereby forming an impedimetric device. In J. Micromech. Microeng. 10 (2000), N1-N5, P. Van Gerwen et al propose an optimised design for this sensor, i.e. the hills are located at the end of the channels forming a shadow zone reaching part of the subsequent channel. This avoids electrical contact between adjacent electrode fingers and ensures the formation of interdigitated electrodes.

In EP 0 876 601 and J. Micromech. Microeng. 10 (2000), N1-N5, a sensor comprising interdigitated electrodes on an insulating substrate is described as well as a method for producing this sensor without lithography. To detect the presence or absence of molecules, the change of the impedance between interdigitated electrodes is measured. To increase the sensitivity various single sensors may be combined, possibly containing different probes for binding to different molecules. The different electrodes of these sensors are electrically isolated by microelectronics patterning techniques. This results in extra processing steps including expensive lithography.

SUMMARY

In a first aspect, a method to produce a sensor comprising at least 2 interdigitated electrodes is presented. This method, based on non-orthogonal directional deposition of a conductive material on an insulating substrate, comprises the following steps:

-   -   defining at least one electrode region on the insulating         substrate, each having at least a first zone for forming a first         electrode with first fingers, a second zone for forming a second         electrode with second fingers, and an intermediate zone where         the first and the second zones overlap in which the fingers of         the first and the second electrodes are to be formed, such that         they form interdigitated electrodes,     -   defining at least one isolation region for forming         three-dimensional isolation structures adjacent each of the         electrode regions, each of said isolation regions being located         outside the adjacent electrode region and extending at least on         opposite sides of the first zone of the adjacent electrode         region,     -   forming isolation structures in each isolation region, these         structures being shaped for creating shadow zones in which         substantially no material is deposited upon directional         deposition of conductive material in a predetermined deposition         direction, such that these shadow zones provide electrical         isolation between conductive material which is deposited in said         first zone and conductive material which is deposited outside         said first zone,     -   depositing a conductive material by non-orthogonal directional         deposition in the predetermined deposition direction, thereby         forming these first and second electrodes and shadow zones.         The shape, dimensions, and location of the three-dimensional         isolation structures is chosen such that they create shadow         zones at the opposite side of the direction of the beam at a         predetermined deposition angle such that electrical isolation         between two interdigitated electrodes is obtained by means of a         structure outside the region where the electrodes are formed in         the same process step. The advantage of this method is that         electrical isolation between electrodes of the sensor can be         obtained without expensive patterning techniques.

According to an embodiment of the first aspect, forming these isolation structures comprises forming a plurality of interspaced channels and/or hills along opposite sides of at least one of these electrodes. The dimensions and locations of these channels and/or hills is chosen such that shadow zones are created at the opposite side of the direction of the beam, such that the interdigitated electrodes are electrically isolated.

According to another embodiment of the first aspect, forming these isolation structures comprises the steps of

-   -   forming a plurality of first interspaced channels along opposite         sides of the first zone,     -   forming first hills at the end of these first interspaced         channels near the second zone of the electrode region, these         hills being sized and located such that each hill creates a         shadow zone upon directional depositing the conductive material         in which at least one edge of the hill of the subsequent channel         is located.         Using this configuration, conductive material between the         interspaced channels can be electrically isolated from the         conductive material within the electrodes. As a result, coupling         between conductive material connecting the fingers of first         electrodes and conductive material connecting the fingers of         second electrodes is minimized. That way, the changes in         electrical characteristics between the electrodes only result         from changes in between the electrode fingers.

According to another embodiment of the first aspect, forming this isolation region further comprises the step of limiting the area wherein said conductive material is deposited such that said isolation structures extend beyond said area at least on the side of the first zone. In that case the conductive material connecting the fingers in at least this first zone is limited to a certain area that can be used for contacting this electrode with probes. The size of the contacting area can be tuned by properly defining the area where the conductive material is located in combination with the dimensions of the three-dimensional isolation structures.

The particular shape of the hills in another embodiment reduces the amount of material deposited at the sidewalls of said hills, that way reducing the risk of shorts between the electrode fingers. More specific locations, shapes, numbers, and dimensions for these interspaced channels and/or hills in the isolation region are discussed in the detailed description.

According to embodiments of the first aspect, forming the interdigitated electrodes in the electrode region consists of forming a plurality of interspaced channels and/or hills in the intermediate zone. The dimensions and locations of these channels and/or hills are chosen such that a shadow zone is created at the opposite side of the direction of the beam, such that the fingers of the interdigitated electrodes are electrically isolated. In principle the interdigitated electrodes in the electrode region can be produced by any method known in the art, but the method for forming the isolation structures by a combination of appropriate three-dimensional structures in an insulating substrate and a single and directional deposition of conductive material is especially cost-effective when interdigitated electrodes are also produced by the same method. In that case the patterning of three-dimensional structures for creating the interdigitated electrodes and the patterning for creating the isolation structures can be done in one single step, as well as the directional deposition of the conductive material on both the electrode region and isolation region.

According to embodiments of the first aspect, forming the interdigitated electrodes in the electrode region comprises

-   -   forming a plurality of interspaced channels having a         predetermined depth and width sufficient for maintaining a         separation between the conductive material at both sides of         these channels upon directional depositing the conductive         material,     -   forming hills at alternating ends of these channels, these hills         being sized and located such that each hill creates a shadow         zone in the deposition direction in which at least the end of         the subsequent channel is located such that the interdigitated         electrodes are electrically isolated upon directional depositing         said conductive material.         The function of the hills is to create electrical isolation at         the outer parts of the electrode fingers. The channels provide         electrical isolation between the electrode fingers. To optimise         the detection efficiency, the spacing between the electrode         fingers preferably has dimensions comparable to the dimensions         of the molecules to be detected. In this configuration, the         spacing between the fingers of the electrodes can be tuned by         properly defining the dimensions of the channel in combination         with the exact angle of deposition. Furthermore, the number of         channels can be chosen such that statistically relevant data are         obtained. Also the number of channels defines the area of the         region connecting the fingers of the electrode, in which         contacting will be done.

More specific locations, shapes, numbers, and dimensions for these interspaced channels and/or hills in the electrode region are discussed in the detailed description.

Specific angles for this directional deposition, location of the conductive material on the substrate and materials are disclosed in different embodiments and are discussed in the detailed description.

According to embodiments of the first aspect, the insulating substrate including three-dimensional structures are polymer replicas formed by moulding using mould inserts. These mould inserts are manufactured by electroplating thereby forming a reverse copy of a master structure. A master structure can be made of silicon using micro-electronics patterning techniques. Possible materials for the insulating substrate are discussed in the detailed description.

In a second aspect, a sensor comprising at least two interdigitated electrodes is described. This sensor is produced by non-orthogonal directional deposition of a conductive material on an insulating substrate, so shows the same advantages as have been set out above with respect to the method, and comprises

-   -   at least one electrode region comprising a first zone in which a         first electrode is formed, a second zone in which a second         electrode is formed and an intermediate zone where the first and         the second zones overlap and in which interdigitated fingers of         the first and the second electrodes are located, such that         interdigitated electrodes are formed,     -   at least one isolation region adjacent each of the electrode         regions, each of said isolation regions being located outside         the adjacent electrode region and at least on opposite sides of         the first zone of the adjacent electrode region,     -   three-dimensional isolation structures in the insulating         substrate in each of these isolation regions, these isolation         structures being shaped for creating shadow zones in which         substantially no material is deposited upon directional         deposition of conductive material in a predetermined deposition         direction,     -   shadow zones resulting from being obstructed by these isolation         structures during this directional deposition of conductive         material, providing electrical isolation between conductive         material in the first zone and conductive material outside this         first zone.

In an embodiment of the second aspect these three-dimensional isolation structures comprise a plurality of interspaced channels and/or hills located along opposite sides of at least one of these electrodes, these channels and/or hills being located and having predetermined dimensions sufficient for maintaining electrical isolation between the interdigitated electrodes upon directional depositing the conductive material.

In another embodiment of the second aspect these three-dimensional isolation structures comprise

-   -   a plurality of interspaced channels along opposite sides of the         first zone,     -   hills at the end of these channels near said second zone,     -   shadow zones resulting from being obstructed by these hills         during directional deposition of conductive material in which at         least one edge of the hill of the subsequent channel is located.

In an embodiment of the second aspect, the conductive material is located in a limited area such that said isolation structures extend beyond said area at least on the side of the first zone.

More specific locations, shapes, numbers, and dimensions for these interspaced channels and/or hills in the isolation region are disclosed in different embodiments. They are discussed in the detailed description.

In an embodiment of the second aspect, the interdigitated electrodes consist of a plurality of interspaced channels and/or hills. On part of these channels and/or hills a conductive layer is located such that the two electrodes of the interdigitated electrode are electrically isolated. The dimensions and locations of these channels and/or hills are chosen such that a shadow zone is created at the opposite side of the direction where the beam comes from, such that electrical isolation between the two electrodes of the interdigitated electrode is obtained.

According to embodiments of the second aspect the electrode region comprises a plurality of second interspaced channels and/or hills in the intermediate zone being located and having dimensions sufficient for maintaining electrical isolation between the fingers of the interdigitated electrodes upon directional depositing the conductive material.

According to embodiments of the second aspect the electrode region comprises

-   -   a plurality of interspaced channels having a predetermined depth         and width sufficient for maintaining a separation between the         conductive material at both sides of the channels upon         directional depositing the conductive material,     -   second hills at alternating ends of these second channels,     -   shadow zones resulting from being obstructed by these hills         during directional deposition of conductive material, each         shadow zone encompassing at least the end of the subsequent         channel for electrically isolating these interdigitated         electrodes from each other.

More specific locations, shapes, numbers, and dimensions for these interspaced channels and/or hills in the electrode region are disclosed in different embodiments. They are discussed in the detailed description.

According to embodiments of the second aspect, the insulating substrate including three-dimensional structures is made of a polymer material. Possible materials for the insulating substrate are disclosed.

In a third aspect, an interdigitated electrode array is described comprising a plurality of electrode regions, having first electrodes electrically isolated from each other by isolation structures and at least part of the second electrodes electrically connected.

In an embodiment of the third aspect, these electrodes are arranged in a geometric array of a predefined number of rows and columns. These columns are electrically isolated from each other by regions where no conductive material is deposited. The isolation regions extend alongside the first electrodes into these regions without conductive material, thereby electrically isolating the first electrodes within each column and electrically connecting the second electrodes of each column.

In a fourth aspect a sensor apparatus is described comprising

-   -   at least one sensor according to any of the embodiments of the         second and the third aspect,     -   means for contacting each of the first and second electrodes,     -   means for applying a voltage on each of the first and second         electrodes,     -   means for measuring the electrical properties or the impedance         between the first and second electrodes of the same electrode         region,     -   means for applying a sample solution to be tested onto these         sensors.

Optionally probes for binding to molecules, present in a sample to be tested, can be immobilized onto the individual sensors. These probes can be applied to either the insulating part of the channels and/or to the surface of the electrodes.

Particular and preferred aspects of the invention can be found in the independent and dependent claims. Features from the dependent claims may be combined with features of the independent claims and with features of other dependent claims.

The characteristics, features, and advantages of the invention will be clarified in the detailed description in combination with the drawings, which illustrate the principles of the invention. This description is given as an example only, without limiting the scope of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates the shape and location of interdigitated electrodes, comprising electrode 1 (1) and electrode 2 (2).

FIG. 2 shows a method to prepare interdigitated electrodes based on a combination of hills and channels in an insulating substrate in combination with directional deposition of a conductive material. In the drawing on the left, hills (3) and channels (4) in the insulating substrate are shown prior to depositing the conductive material. Arrows in the figures indicate the deposition direction. On the right, the shadow zones created by hills and channels upon directional deposition of the conductive material can be observed, thereby creating interdigitated electrodes. The two electrodes (1) and (2) are indicated in different grey scales.

FIG. 3 shows a top view picture of interdigitated electrodes prepared according to the method illustrated in FIG. 2.

In FIG. 4, a schematic representation is given of a sensor comprising interdigitated electrodes surrounded by a region for contacting and isolating the electrodes.

In FIG. 5, a location of channels and hills in the isolation area is illustrated, thereby creating two interdigitated electrodes being isolated from each other and from the surrounding conductive material.

In FIG. 6, a location of channels in the isolation area is illustrated, whereby some channels hills are extending the electrode region, thereby creating two interdigitated electrodes being isolated from each other and from the surrounding conductive material.

In FIG. 7, a location of channels and hills creating interdigitated electrodes electrically isolated from each other is illustrated. Channels of the insulating region extend between the electrode region at electrode 1 and the region adjacent to electrode 1 where the conductive material is located.

In FIG. 8, another location of channels and hills creating interdigitated electrodes, electrically isolated from each other, is illustrated. Channels of the insulating region extend between the electrode region at electrode 1 and are extending the region adjacent to electrode 1 where the conductive material is located.

In FIG. 9, another location of channels and hills creating interdigitated electrodes electrically isolated from each other. Channels of the insulating region extend between the electrode region at electrode 1 and are extending the region adjacent to electrode 1 where the conductive material is located.

In FIG. 10, the location of channels and hills in a preferred embodiment is illustrated, thereby creating interdigitated electrodes electrically isolated from each other. Channels of the insulating region extend between the electrode region 1 and the region adjacent to electrode 1 where the conductive material is located.

FIG. 11 illustrates possible trapezoidal shapes for the hills. Two edges (top and bottom edges in the figures) are parallel, one of these edges is shorter than the other edge. The longest edge always exceeds the shortest edge at two sides, meaning that shape (e) is unsuitable.

FIG. 12 shows an array of interdigitated electrodes. By electrically connecting one of the electrodes of the interdigitated electrodes of all sensors in a column, the number of contacts to the array can be reduced.

FIG. 13 shows a picture taken with an optical microscope of the three-dimensional structures of 10 interdigitated electrodes arranged in an array according to the preferred embodiment. The picture is taken prior to deposition of the conductive layer.

FIG. 14 shows detailed pictures of the structures of FIG. 13: left the interdigitated electrode area with part of the isolation area; right a detail of the hills and channels of the interdigitated electrode area and the isolation area.

FIG. 15 shows a detailed picture of the hills and channels at the edge of the interdigitated electrode areas and the isolation area after directional deposition of a thin gold layer, visualising the shadow zones resulting from directional deposition.

FIG. 16 shows SEM images of a preferred embodiment in a silicon wafer. At the top left, the isolation region near the electrode region is shown. At the top right a detail of hills and channels in the electrode region is shown. At the bottom a zoom of the pictures at the top is shown near the hills, clearly illustrating the shadow zones at the back side of the hills with respect of the deposition direction.

FIG. 17 shows a drawing of an interdigitated electrode array comprising 96 interdigitated electrodes on a bottom plastic plate, assembled with a cover plastic plate, bearing the micro-fluidic channels (5) and (6).

FIG. 18 shows the impedance part of the Bode plot showing the impedance characteristics of the three-dimensional structures in a silicon wafer, on which 100 nm DC-sputtered Ta₂O₅ was deposited as an insulating film followed by the directional deposition of Au at an angle of 80° towards the surface normal. The impedance characteristics of the interdigitated electrodes resulting from this directional metal deposition (denoted SM) are compared to the response of silicon-based planar structures realised using deep UV lithography (denoted Si). The response of both types of interdigitated electrodes is shown for several concentration of KCl (i.e. 10⁻¹, 10⁻² and 10⁻³M) dispensed on top of the electrodes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention will be described with respect to particular embodiments and with reference to certain drawings but the invention is not limited thereto but only by the claims. The drawings described are only schematic and are non-limiting. In the drawings, the size of some of the elements may be exaggerated and not drawn on scale for illustrative purposes. The dimensions and the relative dimensions do not necessarily correspond to actual reductions to practice of the invention.

Furthermore, the terms first, second, third and the like in the description and in the claims, are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a sequential or chronological order. The terms are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances and the embodiments of the invention can operate in other sequences than described or illustrated herein.

Moreover, the terms top, bottom, over, under and the like in the description and the claims are used for descriptive purposes and not necessarily for describing relative positions. The terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances and that the embodiments of the invention described herein can operate in other orientations than described or illustrated herein.

The term “comprising”, used in the claims, should not be interpreted as being restricted to the means listed thereafter; it does not exclude other elements or steps. It needs to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features, integers, steps or components as referred to, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps or components, or groups thereof. Thus, the scope of the expression “a device comprising means A and B” should not be limited to devices consisting only of components A and B.

In the first aspect, a method to produce a sensor comprising interdigitated electrodes is described. The method is based on a combination of appropriate three-dimensional structures in an insulating substrate and a single and directional deposition of conductive material. In order to ensure sufficient electrical isolation and individual, but convenient, accessibility of the sensors in the array, the interdigitated electrode regions need to be complemented with specific features on the three-dimensional structures. Combined with the use of e.g. shadow masks in the deposition step, these features allow for the site-specific deposition of the conductive material. The technology described has the additional advantage of integrating highly miniaturized and arrayed electronics elements into polymer micro-fluidics technology, which leads to the affordable manufacturing of sensor arrays for biological and other purposes.

In the second aspect, a sensor comprising interdigitated electrodes is described. The sensor comprises an insulating layer with conductive interdigitated electrodes on the top. The insulating substrate comprises three-dimensional structures. These interdigitated electrodes comprise two electrodes having a plurality of fingers. The fingers of the two electrodes are arranged in an interdigitated way, as illustrated in FIG. 1. The region where these electrodes are located is called “electrode region”. The conductive layers are arranged in a specific geometry thereby enhancing the detection sensitivity of the sensor.

As the sensor and the method to produce the sensor are closely linked, both aspects will be considered together in the description below.

For detecting the presence or absence of molecules, interdigitated electrodes are formed on an insulating substrate. They comprise two electrodes (see FIG. 1) called first electrode (1) and second electrode (2). In principle these interdigitated electrodes can be created by any method known in the art. A conductive layer can be deposited on an insulating substrate, followed by lithography and wet and/or dry etching. For patterning interdigitated electrodes lift-off techniques can be used.

These interdigitated electrodes are preferably produced along with the isolation by a method based on a combination of appropriate three-dimensional structures in an insulating substrate and a single, directional deposition of conductive material. In order to ensure sufficient electrical isolation and individual, but convenient, accessibility of the sensors in the array, the interdigitated electrode regions need to be complemented with specific features on the three-dimensional structure. Combined with a method to limit the conductive material to a limited region, these features allow for the site-specific location of the conductive material. In an embodiment, these three-dimensional structures consist of a plurality of interspaced channels and/or hills. These channels and/or hills are located and have dimensions such that the shadow zones, created by directional deposition of the conductive material, result in electrical isolation between both electrodes.

In another embodiment, a plurality of interspaced channels and/or hills is created in the insulating substrate. The base structure is shown in FIG. 2, at the left side. The structure shows 2 functional elements: channels (3 a) and hills (4 a). The channels are below the base plane and the hills are elevated above the base plane. The interdigitated electrodes (1) and (2) are realized with a directional deposition process of a conductive material. The direction in which this conductive material is deposited is indicated with an arrow in FIG. 2. Interspaced channels are created within the sensor area in the insulating substrate having essentially the same direction. The backside, from a viewpoint of the evaporation direction, of the channels as well as part of the bottom of the channels is shadowed from the evaporated material (see FIG. 2, right). The channels provide a separation between the adjacent electrode fingers. That way, the channels provide electrical isolation between the interdigitated fingers. The exact area of the bottom of the channel that is shadowed from the evaporated material depends on the exact angle of deposition. The channels have dimensions such that conductive material at opposite sides of the channels is electrically isolated. Hills are formed at alternating ends of these channels (FIG. 2, left). The function of the hills is to create electrical isolation at the outer parts of the electrode fingers. At the backside of the hills, from a viewpoint of the evaporation direction, a shadow zone is created shadowing part of the base plane in between two channels and the end of the subsequent channel (FIG. 2, right), thereby electrically isolating the end of the fingers of each of the first electrode from the second electrode. In FIG. 3 a topview picture of this embodiment is shown. In the remaining of the detailed description, mainly topview pictures will be used to illustrate different embodiments. In these pictures, the direction in which this conductive material is deposited is indicated with an arrow. Electrode 1 is indicated with (1), electrode 2 with (2), hills with (3 a), and channels with (4 a).

In another embodiment, the number of channels in the electrode region is at least more than 4, or more than 10, or in between 10 and 100, or in between 10 and 500, between 50 and 500, or possibly more than 500. The number of channels is chosen such that statistically relevant data are obtained. This means that enough binding should occur in the electrode region. Furthermore contacting the electrode is done in the region connecting the fingers of both electrodes. This region needs to be large enough to allow contacting the regions with external probes. Enlarging the area can be achieved by increasing the number of fingers of the electrodes.

The width of the electrode fingers and the spacing between the fingers of different electrodes are chosen depending on the dimensions of the molecular structure to be detected. The spacing between the fingers of the interdigitated electrodes is chosen comparable to the dimensions of the molecular structure that needs to be detected. The distance between the fingers of the interdigitated electrodes depends on the width and depth of the channels and the angle at which the conductive material is deposited. This means that the width and depth of the channels is chosen depending on the molecular structure that needs to be detected, in combination with the deposition angle of the conductive material.

In another embodiment, the interspaced channels both in the electrode region and at the edges of the electrode region have a height and a width in the same order of magnitude. The height and the width may be exactly the same for all channels or may vary from one channel to the other. The height and the width are preferably chosen between 10 nm and 10 μm, or between 250 nm and 5 μm, preferably between 1 μm and 5 μm.

As can be observed in FIGS. 2 and 3, the conductive material needs to be electrically isolated from conductive material surrounding the electrode region. More particular, the conductive material of the top finger and of the bottom finger of the interdigitated electrodes needs to be isolated from surrounding conductive material in order to avoid electrical contact between the two electrodes. Furthermore the size of the conductive area connecting the fingers of the individual electrodes needs to allow contacting the electrodes. The area near the sensor region where the isolation is created is called the “isolation region”.

Limiting the material may be done by any method known in the art. The conductive material may be deposited through a shadow mask. This is indeed a good method to limit the conductive material connecting the fingers, as this is referred to as a large area. In an embodiment, a shadow mask is used for locally depositing said conductive material on the patterned substrate.

As the width of the fingers is in the micron or submicron regime, it is very challenging or almost impossible task to align the shadow mask towards those fingers. An alternative is to use microelectronics patterning techniques, which have the disadvantage that many extra processing steps are required, increasing the production cost tremendously. To isolate the material of the top and bottom fingers of the interdigitated electrodes from the surrounding material, a method is developed based on a combination of appropriate three-dimensional structures in the insulating substrate located near the electrode region, at least partially outside the electrode region, within the isolation region (see FIG. 4) and a single and directional deposition of conductive material. After creating three-dimensional structures a conductive material is deposited in a non-orthogonal direction onto the substrate. The angle of deposition is chosen such that these three-dimensional structures create a shadow zone at the opposite side of the direction of the beam thereby creating electrical isolation between these interdigitated electrodes. The method is especially cost-effective when interdigitated electrodes are made by the method described above using a combination of an appropriate three-dimensional structure in the same insulating substrate and a single and directional deposition of conductive material. In that case the patterning of three-dimensional structures for creating the interdigitated electrodes and the patterning for creating three-dimensional structures for electrically isolating the conductive material within a certain region from other regions can be done in one single step. Furthermore, the directional deposition of the conductive material can be done in one step, both in the electrode region and in the isolation region thereby limiting the conductive material to certain well-defined areas.

In another embodiment, these three-dimensional structures in the insulation region are composed of a plurality of interspaced channels and/or hills. This can be only channels, only hills, or a combination of channels and hills. These channels and/or hills can be parallel to each other or not parallel to each other. All hills can have different dimensions or the same dimensions, i.e. width, length, and height in case of hills. All channels can have different dimensions or the same dimensions, i.e. width, length, and depth for channels. The dimensions and locations of these channels and hills are chosen such that a shadow zone is created at the backside of the hills or in the channels, where essentially no material is deposited, such that the electrodes are electrically isolated. An example with a possible location of hills (3 b) and channels (4 b) can be found in FIG. 5.

In another embodiment, the conductive material covers only part of the substrate, including the electrode region. Limiting the conductive material to a limited region on the insulating substrate can be done by any method known in the art. This can be achieved by locally depositing said conductive material, for example by using a shadow mask. Another possibility is that the conductive material is deposited on the complete substrate surface and removed for example by micro-electronics patterning techniques, lithography, lift-off, dry etch, wet etch, or their combination, or any other method known in the art to locally remove the conductive material. The three-dimensional structures in the isolation region consisting of channels and/or hills at opposite sides of at least one electrode are extending beyond the region wherein the conductive material is located, thereby creating electrically isolated electrodes. An example of locations of hills (3 b) and channels (4 b) can be found in FIG. 6.

In another embodiment, the hills and channels composing the three-dimensional structures in the isolation region are located at opposite sides of at least one of said electrodes. At one edge the channels are extending outside the region where conductive material is located; the other edge is located near the electrode region. At this edge near the electrode region, hills are located, thereby creating electrodes electrically isolated from each other. Examples of possible arrangements of channels (4 b) and hills (3 b) can be found in FIGS. 7, 8, 9, and 10. The hills can have the same width as the corresponding channels or they can have a different width.

In case of a plurality of channels, the width, length, and height of the hills is chosen such that the shadow zone created at the back side of the hill during directional deposition covers at least one edge of the subsequent channel and part of the top of the hill of the subsequent channel. The subsequent channel is the channel at the backside of said channel when looking from direction of the beam. That way the material in between those channels is floating. The advantage is that the conductive material connecting the fingers of the first electrode is separated from the conductive material connecting the fingers of the second electrode by this plurality of interspaced channels. That way a physical distance between these materials is increased such that coupling between the materials connecting the fingers is minimized and the impedance measured between the electrodes is mainly influenced by a change in the impedance between the electrode fingers. In an embodiment, the number of channels located in the isolation region is at least more than 2, or more than 10, or in between 10 and 100, or in between 10 and 500, preferably between 100 and 500, or more than 500. The choice of the number of the channels is important in case the conductive material in between the channels is floating in order to minimize coupling between the materials connecting the fingers of the electrodes. Furthermore, increasing the area where the conductive material is located, in combination with longer channels, increases the area connecting the electrode fingers, making contacting with probes easier.

In another embodiment, the hills in the isolation region are created such that the edges of the hills are staggered (see FIGS. 8, 9, and 10): that way each hill creates a shadow zone at the backside of the hill during directional deposition covering the staggered edge of the hill of the subsequent channel. The subsequent channel or hill is the channel or hill at the backside of said channel when looking from the direction of the beam. In this context staggered edges means that the same edge, always left or always right, of the subsequent hill is located behind the previous hill when looking from the direction of the beam.

In principle the top surface of the hills may have any shape. At least one edge of the hill needs to be free of conductive material to avoid electrical contact between the conductive materials of the different electrodes. In an embodiment, the hills are made with a top surface having a trapezoidal shape. A trapezoid is a 2-dimensional surface having 2 parallel sides of different length. The lines connecting those parallel edges make an angle below 90° with the longest of these parallel sides and an angle larger than 90° with the shortest of these parallel sides. The parallel sides are parallel to the direction of the channels, whereby the shortest of these parallel sides is located at the backside when looking from the direction of the beam. Examples of trapezoidal shape are represented in FIG. 11.

In principle any conductive material can be used for the directional deposition. Frequently used materials, presented in an embodiment, are Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Cu, Al, Ta, Ti, and Indium Tin oxide (ITO). The conductive layer can be a thin film. At least all material within one electrode needs to be connected to each other. In the best case, the conductive layer is a uniform continuous thin film. The thickness of the film is at least 5 nm, even better between 25 nm and 500 nm, preferably between 100 nm and 250 nm.

In another embodiment, deposition methods are represented for depositing said conductive layer, i.e. physical vapour deposition (PVD), self-ionised plasma (SIP) deposition, e-beam evaporation, and thermal evaporation.

In another embodiment, angles for the directional deposition are selected. As the directional deposition is non-orthogonal, the angle is below 90° with respect to the normal to the substrate, better between 30° and 89°, preferably between 60° and 85° with respect to the normal on the insulating substrate. The angle is chosen such that the shadowing effect of the hills and the channels creates electrical isolation between the interdigitated electrodes. Furthermore, this angle is chosen such that the distance between the fingers of the electrodes matches with the envisaged molecules.

On top of these three-dimensional structures defining the electrode regions and insulating regions, the insulating substrate can comprise three-dimensional registering features, such as positioning cones or grooves, which can be used for physical referencing in subsequent processing steps.

The three-dimensional structures in the insulating substrate can be made by any method known in the art. It can be made by microelectronics patterning techniques, using known lithography techniques, e.g. photolithography, preferably UV lithography, even more preferably deep UV lithography, followed by a selective etching. In that case all process steps need to be repeated for every single substrate.

Therefore, cost-effective methods to prepare the insulating substrate are represented in several embodiments. The insulating substrate including the three-dimensional structures can be replicas formed by (injection) moulding, using negative mould inserts or any other method, know in the art, to make replicas. The mould inserts can be re-used as a tool for further replication processes. After hardening in the mould inserts, the mould materials have reached a sufficient strength and the separation of mould and mould insert can take place. For the realization of micro-moulding and micro-reaction injection moulding the extremely low roughness of the walls of the mould inserts is most important. Such mould inserts can be made with LIGA using X-ray or photolithography, preferably UV lithography, more preferably deep UV lithography, which allows one to achieve very small dimensions. The mould inserts can also be manufactured by electroplating as a reverse copy of a master structure. The mould inserts can be made out of nickel. In an embodiment, the master structure is made of a silicon master structure using microelectronics patterning techniques. In more detail the following steps can be used. Channels are patterned with a resist layer and dry-etched in bare silicon. A stack of materials for forming the hills is deposited. Any material having a planarizing effect can be used. Chemical mechanical polishing is used to further planarize this stack to allow high-resolution lithography for patterning the hills. Finally the hills are dry-etched into this stack. This results in a positive copy of the insulating substrate.

This insulating substrate can be made out of an insulating material or can be any material having an insulating top surface. An insulating layer formed on the substrate can be a polymer layer such as polyimide or BCB, can be a dielectric or insulating layer such as Si₃N₄ being deposited by LPCVD or PECVD techniques or SiO₂ deposited or thermally grown on another material. An insulating substrate including the three-dimensional structures can be made of a crystalline material such as quartz or silicon, or an amorphous material such as a glass wafer, or a thick film substrate, such as Al₂O₃ or can be a polymer. Cheap plastic base materials can be produced by injection moulding or hot embossing once a negative master is produced. In case of micro-moulding, materials used for micro-replication include low viscosity thermoplastic polymers like polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polysulfon (PSU), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), cyclo olefin copolymer (COC), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyphenylene (PPS), polyamide (PA), or polycarbonate (PC), as well as reaction resins based on methacrylates, silicones and caprolactames. Except for filled moulding materials, almost any material suitable for macroscopic moulding can be used for micro-moulding. Many more materials can be used.

In other embodiments, said sensor comprises probes for binding to molecules present in a sample to be tested. These probes can be applied to either the insulating part of the channels and/or to the surface of the electrodes. These probes can be peptides, enzymes, antigens, antibodies, oligonucleotides, DNA or RNA fragments, said probes being covalently or non-covalently attached to said sensor. Also indifferent probes or non-specific conditioning molecules can be applied to either the insulating part of the channels and/or to the surface of electrodes in such a way that this structure effectively acts as a reference structure for back-ground monitoring.

As temperature tracking element, at least one of the electrodes can be provided with a material of known temperature behaviour for monitoring the temperature behaviour during operation.

In the third aspect, an interdigitated electrode array is presented. It comprises a plurality of electrode regions, electrically isolated from each other by isolation structures as described in the second aspect. The first electrodes of each sensor are electrically isolated and at least part of the second electrodes is electrically connected.

In a preferred embodiment, the individual sensors are arranged in a geometric array in a number of rows and columns. The arrangement of the electrodes in this specific array is represented in FIG. 12. The direction of the channels in the individual sensors is essentially parallel to each other. The channels are parallel to the rows of these sensors. The conductive material is located in columns covering the electrode regions of the sensors of that row. At one side the conductive material extends the electrode region and the isolation region, thereby electrically connecting one electrode of each sensor in that column. At the other side the channels of the isolation region extend the region where the conductive material is located. That way the first electrode of each sensor is electrically isolated from the other electrodes. The advantage is that the impedance of the individual sensors can be measured with a limited number of contacts. In the standard approach, the number of contacts equals two times the number of sensors, as each sensor comprises two electrodes. In this case, one of the electrodes of each sensor in a column is connected. Only one connection is needed to contact this one electrode in all sensors on a column. The other electrode of each sensor needs to be connected separately. This results in a total number of contacts=number of sensors+number of columns.

In the above embodiment the channels have a width of 1 m and spacing of 1 m. As there are 125 channels in the electrode region, the width of the isolated electrode, which is the width of the contacting area, is 250 m. The length of the channels is 1500 m, the length of the contacting area of the isolated electrode is in between 500 and 1250 m, depending on the accuracy with which the shadow mask can be positioned. Also in the isolation region, there are 125 channels, such that the distance between the materials of the two electrodes connecting the fingers is 250 m, thereby limiting the electrical coupling between the two electrodes connecting the fingers. That way changes in impedance between the interdigitated electrodes are only caused by changes in impedance between the fingers of the electrodes.

In FIG. 13, a picture taken with an optical microscope shows the three-dimensional structures in a silicon wafer of 10 electrode regions arranged in an array as described above. In FIG. 14 detailed pictures of part of the three-dimensional structures are shown prior to depositing the conductive material: left the interdigitated electrodes and part of the isolation area and right a detail of the hills and the channels of the interdigitated electrodes and hills and channels of the isolation area. In FIG. 15, a detailed picture of the interdigitated electrodes and part of the isolation area is shown after deposition of a thin gold layer. In FIG. 16, SEM-pictures show the three-dimensional structures: at the top left hills and channels at the edge of the electrode region near the isolation region; at the top right a detail of the hills in the electrode region is shown. At the bottom a zoom of the pictures at the top is shown near the hills, clearly illustrating the shadow zones near the hills and in the channels.

In the fourth aspect, an apparatus comprising an interdigitated electrode array is described. This apparatus comprises

-   -   at least one sensor comprising interdigitated electrodes,     -   means for contacting each of the first and second electrodes,     -   means for applying a voltage on each of the first and second         electrodes,     -   means for measuring the electrical properties or the impedance         between the first and second electrodes of each electrode         region,     -   means for applying a sample solution to be tested,     -   optionally probes for binding to molecules, present in a sample         to be tested. Said probes can be applied to either the         insulating part of the channels and/or to the surface of the         electrodes. A different probe can be applied on the individual         sensors.         A sensor apparatus having an example embodiment is illustrated         in FIG. 17. The interdigitated electrode array consists of 96         sensors, arranged in 8 columns and 12 rows, on a bottom plastic         plate. A cover plastic plate contains the micro-fluidic channels         (5) and (6). Contacting the electrodes is done through 104 holes         in the plastic cover plate: 96 contacts to one electrode of each         sensor+8 contacts to the electrodes connecting all sensors in a         column. By applying an electrical signal, i.e. voltage or         current, between the different electrodes an electric field         arises, resulting in electric field lines. If molecules to be         detected are present in the sample solution, they will bind to         the specific probes, resulting in a change in the electric field         when compared to the field without this molecular structure.         This change in electrical field can be detected by measuring the         impedance at the proper frequency and/or dc bias. By preference         this electrical measurement is an impedance analysis, which can         devolve in a measurement of resistance, capacitance, dielectric         loss and/or reactance over a frequency range, including or not         dc bias, or a combination of these techniques.

FIG. 18 shows the impedance part of the Bode plot showing the impedance characteristics of the three-dimensional structures in a silicon wafer, on which 100 nm DC-sputtered Ta₂O₅ was deposited as an insulating film followed by the directional deposition of Au at an angle of 80° towards the surface normal. The impedance characteristics of the interdigitated electrodes resulting from this directional metal deposition (denoted SM) are compared to the response of silicon-based planar structures realised using deep UV lithography (denoted Si), which is the conventional way for processing interdigitated electrodes. The three-dimensional structures in a silicon wafer have channels with a width and spacing of 1 μm. The silicon-based planar structures realised using deep UV lithography have electrode width and spacings of 1 μm as well. In FIG. 18, the response of both types of interdigitated electrodes is shown for several concentration of KCl (i.e. 10⁻¹, 10⁻² and 10⁻³M) dispensed on top of the electrodes. First, the interdigitated electrodes resulting from the directional metal deposition on the three-dimensional structures in a silicon wafer do not exhibit short circuits, indicating the effectiveness of the preferred embodiment for the isolation region. Second, as also observed for the silicon-based planar structures realised using deep UV lithography, the impedimetric response of the interdigitated electrodes resulting from the directional metal deposition on the three-dimensional structures in a silicon wafer clearly changes as a function of the salt concentration, which is an indication of the formation of interdigitated electrodes to any person skilled in the art. Third, taking into account 100 nm DC-sputtered Ta₂O₅ is not a perfect insulator, both types of interdigitated electrodes show a similar impedimetric profile. 

1. A sensor comprising: an insulating substrate comprising a first zone, a second zone, and an intermediate zone, wherein: the intermediate zone comprises a portion of the second zone that overlaps the first zone, the first zone comprises a first inner edge adjacent to the intermediate zone and a first outer edge opposite the first inner edge, and the second zone comprises a second inner edge adjacent to the intermediate zone and a second outer edge opposite the second inner edge; a first electrode in the first zone, the first electrode comprising a first plurality of fingers of a conductive material; a second electrode in the second zone, the second electrode comprising a second plurality of fingers of the conductive material, wherein the second plurality of fingers are interdigitated with the first plurality of fingers; a plurality of three-dimensional isolation structures; and a plurality of shadow zones, wherein each shadow zone is adjacent to at least one isolation structure and is substantially free of conductive material.
 2. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the plurality of isolation structures comprises a plurality of hills.
 3. The sensor of claim 2, wherein each hill is formed at one of the first inner edge and the second inner edge.
 4. The sensor of claim 3, wherein hills formed at the first inner edge alternate with hills formed at the second inner edge.
 5. The sensor of claim 2, wherein each shadow zone being adjacent to at least one isolation structure comprises each shadow zone being adjacent to a hill in the plurality of hills.
 6. The sensor of claim 5, wherein a top of each hill has a trapezoidal shape comprising two parallel edges.
 7. The sensor of claim 6, wherein: the two parallel edges comprise a longer edge and a shorter edge, and the shorter edge is closer to a shadow zone adjacent to the hill than is the longer edge.
 8. The sensor of claim 2, wherein the hills are of varying sizes.
 9. The sensor of claim 2, wherein the plurality of isolation structures further comprises a plurality of channels.
 10. The sensor of claim 9, wherein each channel is formed between a finger of the first plurality of fingers and a finger of the second plurality of fingers.
 11. The sensor of claim 9, wherein each hill is formed at an end of a channel.
 12. The sensor of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of isolation structures extend outside the first zone and the second zone.
 13. The sensor of claim 12, wherein at least a portion of the isolation structures that extend outside the first zone and the second zone comprise hills that are staggered with respect to one another.
 14. The sensor of claim 1, wherein: the first zone further comprises a first top edge and a first bottom edge opposite the first top edge, each of the first top edge and the first bottom edge being non-parallel to each of the first inner edge and the first outer edge, and the second zone further comprises a second top edge and a second bottom edge opposite the second top edge, each of the second top edge and the second bottom edge being non-parallel to each of the second inner edge and the second inner edge.
 15. The sensor of claim 14, wherein the plurality of isolation structures comprises at least one channel formed adjacent to at least one of (i) the first top edge and the second top edge and (ii) the first bottom edge and the second bottom edge.
 16. The sensor of claim 1, further comprising a conductive zone outside of the first zone and the second zone, wherein the conductive zone comprises the conductive material.
 17. The sensor of claim 16, wherein at least one isolation structure extends outside the conductive zone.
 18. The sensor of claim 1, further comprising: a first contact electrically coupled to the first electrode; and a second contact electrically coupled to the second electrode.
 19. The sensor of claim 1, further comprising probes configures to bind to molecules in a sample, wherein each probe is attached to one of the first electrode, the second electrode, and an insulating structure.
 20. The sensor of claim 19, wherein the probes comprise at least one of peptides, enzymes, antigens, antibodies, oligonucleotides, deoxyribonucleic acid fragments, and ribonucleic acid fragments.
 21. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the conductive material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, platinum, palladium, copper, aluminum, tantalum, titanium, and indium tin oxide.
 22. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the insulating substrate comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a crystalline material, an amorphous material, and a polymer.
 23. The sensor of claim 1, further comprising: a measurement device configured to measure at least one electrical property of each of the first electrode and the second electrode.
 24. The sensor of claim 1, further comprising: a receptacle for a sample solution to be sensed.
 25. A sensor comprising: an insulating substrate comprising a first zone, a second zone, and an intermediate zone, wherein the intermediate zone comprises a portion of the second zone that overlaps the first zone; a plurality of first electrodes in the first zone, each first electrode comprising a first plurality of fingers of a conductive material; a plurality of second electrodes in the second zone, each second electrode comprising a second plurality of fingers of the conductive material, wherein the second plurality of fingers are interdigitated with the first plurality of fingers; a plurality of three-dimensional isolation structures; and a plurality of shadow zones, wherein each shadow zone is adjacent to at least one isolation structure and is substantially free of conductive material.
 26. The sensor of claim 25, wherein the first plurality of electrodes are electrically isolated from one another and at least a portion of the second plurality of electrodes are electrically connected to one another.
 27. The sensor of claim 25, wherein: the plurality of first electrodes and the plurality of second electrodes are arranged in a geometric array comprising a plurality of columns and a plurality of rows, and each column in the plurality of columns in electrically isolated from the other columns in the plurality of columns. 